Especially, DNA sequencing and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been successfully used to deal with the species uncertainty in morphological taxonomy.
![pbp3 protein rt qprc pbp3 protein rt qprc](https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0965174810002365-gr3.gif)
Therefore, for its high reliability, molecular characterization technique can serve as a complementary method for further analysis. Though these studies have provided important information regarding the identification of species, it is not entirely reliable because these insect groups were undergoing speciation, genomic changes, or evolving into new taxon. reported that they were different species from their response to different spectra of host-plant constituents In 2006, the pinaceae-feeding type was named as C. Later, Honda and Mitsuhashi identified and distinguished the difference between these pests in the adults, larvae and pupal stages Konno et al. pinicolalis as an another type of yellow peach moth and classified as pinaceae-feeding type (PFT). In 1963, Koizumi firstly identified the C. punctiferalis and it is considered as same species. pinicolalis egg, larva, pupa and adult resemble those of C. Ĭonogethes pinicolalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a sibling species of Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).
![pbp3 protein rt qprc pbp3 protein rt qprc](https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/gallery/324800-PTB-1-siRNA-WB-20180124100757.jpg)
The SNMPs and ODEs are regarded to trigger ligand delivery to the receptor and terminate the signal stimulation, respectively. IRs or ORs are localized on the dendrite of the chemosensory neuron, which can transform the chemical signals from OBPs or CSPs into an electric signal and transmit to the brain. The functions of CSPs are also similar to OBPs, localized in the lymph of trochoid sensilla. In Lepidoptera, OBPs are composed of pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs), general odorant-binding proteins (GOBPs) and antennal binding proteins (ABPs), and they combined to detect a wide range of odors and transport hydrophobic odorants to the ORs or IRs. They form a functional network with each other in detecting different odorants types, thus complete the odorants recognition process. However, the olfaction is a complex network that contains odorant-binding proteins (OBP), odorant receptors (OR), chemosensory proteins (CSP), sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), ionotropic receptors (IR) and odorant degrading enzymes (ODEs). Olfaction system plays a key role in insects, which includes kin recognition, mediating foraging, aggregation, toxic compound avoidance and oviposition behaviors. punctiferalis, which might be supportive for pest management studies in future. Our study provides a starting point on the molecular level characterization between C.
![pbp3 protein rt qprc pbp3 protein rt qprc](https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0141813019377621-gr3.jpg)
Furthermore, the reference genes were selected, and we recommended the phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) or ribosomal protein 49 gene (RP49) to verify the target gene expression during larval development stages and RP49 or ribosomal protein L13 gene (RPL13) for adult tissues.
![pbp3 protein rt qprc pbp3 protein rt qprc](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/penicillins-130919184855-phpapp01/95/penicillins-2-638.jpg)
The neighbor-joining tree indicated that the amino acid sequence of olfactory related genes is highly homologous with C. pinicolalis antennae transcriptome and amino sequences were annotated against homologs of C. Totally, 26 odorant-binding protein (OBP) genes, 19 chemosensory protein (CSP) genes, 55 odorant receptor (OR) genes and 20 ionotropic receptor (IR) genes were identified from the C. In the present study, we sequenced and characterized the antennal transcriptomes of male and female C. So far, less literature was reported on this pest. Conogethes pinicolalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is similar to Conogethes punctiferalis (yellow peach moth) and its host plant is gymnosperms, especially for masson pine.